Radio Amatur

• BAGAIMANA UNTUK MENGAMBIL BAHAGIAN DIDALAM RADIO AMATUR

Untuk mengendalikan Stesyen Radio Amatur, pengendali mestilah memegang Sijil Pengendali Stesyen Radio Amatur yang dikeluarkan oleh SKMM ( MCMC ). Permohonan boleh di buat dimana-mana pejabat Wilayah SKMM ( MCMC ). Tanda Panggilan ( CallSign ) akan diberikan kepada pemohon yang berjaya mengikut Kelas Sijil Pengendali Stesyen Radio Amatur.  Sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur membenarkan pemegang untuk mengambil bahagian dan mengoperasikan Stesyen Radio Amatur.
Peruntukan Tanda Panggilan ( Call Sign ) di Malaysia adalah seperti berikut :
Semenanjung Malaysia  - Kelas A   - 9 M 2 x x x
     Kelas B   - 9 W 2 x x x
Sabah    - Kelas A   - 9 M 6 x x x
     Kelas B   - 9 W 6 x x x
Sarawak   - Kelas A   - 9 M 8 x x x
     Kelas B   - 9 W 8 x x x
PENGUNTUKAN RADAS RADIO AMATUR
Semua Stesyen Radio Amatur mestilah mempunyai lesen yang sah daripada SKMM ( MCMC ) sebagai sebuah badan berkuasa untuk industri komunikasi di Malaysia. Anda mestilah memiliki sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) untuk mengendalikan Stesyen Radio Amatur.
Di bawah kategori radio amatur terdapat tiga kelas iaitu :
1. Permohonan untuk Penguntukan Radas ( Perkhidmatan Amatur ) ASAA kelas A dan B
2. Permohonan untuk Penguntukan Radas ( Perkhidmatan Mobil ) borang untuk Stesyen Pengulang ( Repeater ) Amatur
Tempoh sah Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) adalah diantara 3 bulan hingga 5 tahun.
KELAYAKAN UNTUK MEMOHON PENGUNTUKAN RADAS RADIO AMATUR
Untuk kelayakan , pemohon mestilah :
1. Berumur tidak kurang dari 18 tahun untuk kelas A dan berumur tidak kurang dari 14 tahun untuk kelas B
Bagi pemohon dibawah umur 21 tahun, dikehendaki mendapat pengesahan daripada ibubapa, penjaga atau mana-mana pihak yang akan bertanggungjawab.
2. Warganegara Malaysia atau warganegara asing yang mempunyai perjanjian timbal balik ( Reciprocal Aggrement ) dengan Malaysia.
3. Pemegang Sijil Pengendali Stesyen Radio Amatur ( AROC ) kelas A atau B hendaklah mengemukakan salinan keputusan Peperiksaan Radio Amatur kepada SKMM ( MCMC ).

KEPERLUAN PEMATUHAN
Pemegang Sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) mestilah akur dengan Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 dan undang-undang dan pindaan yang dibuat.
KEPERLUAN PEMATUHAN ANTARABANGSA
Pemegang Sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) mestilah akur dengan Peraturan Radio ( Radio Regulation ) Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa ( ITU ) dan Konvensyen Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa ( ITC ).
Penggunaan ulangan untuk stesyen pengulang yang mengoperasikan jalur Ulangan Amat Tinggi ( VHF ) dan Ulangan Teramat Tinggi ( UHF ) dalam jarak 50 kilometer daripada sempadan Malaysia akan memerlukan Koordinasi Sempadan dengan negara jiran berkenaan.
YURAN PENGUNTUKAN RADAS RADIO AMATUR
Yuran Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur adalah seperti jadual dibawah :
Kelas Yuran Permohonan Yuran Tahunan
Kelas A RM 60.00 RM 36.00
Kelas B RM 60.00 RM 24.00
Stesen Pengulang Amatur RM 60.00 RM 60.00

PERJANJIAN OPERASI TIMBAL BALIK
Stesyen Radio Amatur negara luar boleh memohon dibawah perjanjian operasi timbal balik dengan Malaysia. SKMM ( MCMC ) akan mengeluarkan ASAA kepada stesyen amatur luar negara sekiranya permohonan memenuhi syarat-syarat yang telah ditetapkan. Pengeluaran lesen berkenaan mengikut kelas lesen dari negara asal.
ASAA hanya akan dikeluarkan tidak melebihi tempoh masa sah yang dikeluarkan oleh negara asal atau setahun atau mana yang terdahulu.
Stesyen Radio Amatur negara luar yang tidak ada mempunyai perjanjian operasi timbal balik dengan Malaysia akan dipertimbangkan pengeluaran lesen bergantung kepada kes-kes tertentu sahaja. Walau bagaimana pun pengesahan dari ahli MARTS akan dipertimbangkan.

PEPERIKSAAN
Terdapat dua jenis peperiksaan Radio Amatur :
1. Peperiksaan bertulis Radio Amatur ( RAE ).
2. Peperiksaan amali Kod Morse ( CW Test ).
PEPERIKSAAN RADIO AMATUR ( RAE )
Peperiksaan bertulis merangkumi tajuk-tajuk berikut ;
1. Teori Eletrik , Eletronik dan Radio Komunikasi.
2. Teori dan Operasi peralatan radio termasuk sistem antenna , pemancar , penerima , amplitude , modulasi ulangan dan teknik single sideband.
3. Peraturan yang dibuat dibawah akta yang membolehkan mana-mana stesyen ujud dan beroperasi dan termasuk perkhidmatan kajian amatur.
4. Peraturan Radio Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa ( ITU ) membolehkan stesyen radio amatur beroperasi dan melakukan kajian dan tertakluk kepada peraturan operasi stesyen radio amatur secara amnya.
Terdapat 100 soalan didalam peperiksaan ini dalam bentuk objektif dan calun diberi masa selama 3 jam untuk menjawab kesemua soalan. Setiap jawapan yang salah tidak akan dipotong markah.

UJIAN KOD MORSE ( CW TEST )
Adalah satu peperiksaan amali untuk mengukur keupayaan dan kemahiran pengendali stesyen radio amatur.
1. Berupaya menghantar mesej dengan betul dengan menggunakan kekunci telegraf samada kekunci separuh otomatik atau kekunci eletronik dalam tempoh 3 minit dengan kelajuan bahasa biasa termasuk angka , Isyarat Khas , Kod ’Q’ dan isyarat kecemasan didalam Kod Morse Antarabangsa.
2. Berupaya menerima mesej dengan betul dengan menggunakan kekunci telegraf samada kekunci separuh otomatik atau kekunci eletronik dalam tempoh 3 minit dengan kelajuan bahasa biasa termasuk angka , Isyarat Khas , Kod ’Q’ dan isyarat kecemasan didalam Kod Morse Antarabangsa.
Calun mestilah berupaya mengantar mesej sebanyak 36 perkataan ( lebih kurang lima huruf satu perkataan ) dalam bahasa biasa dalam masa tiga minit dengan kelajuan 12 perkataan seminit tanpa isyarat pembetulan. Maksimum empat kesalahan dan empat isyarat pembetulan adalah dibenarkan.
Calun mestilah berupaya menerima mesej sebanyak 36 perkataan ( lebih kurang lima huruf satu perkataan ) dalam bahasa biasa dalam masa tiga minit dan setiap angka dan huruf yang diterima salah dikira satu kesilapan. Satu perkataan yang mana satu atau lebih huruf yang diterima salah dikira dua kesilapan. Maksimum empat kesilapan didalam bahasa biasa dan maksimum dua angka yang diterima salah dibenarkan.

BAGAIMANA UNTUK MEMOHON MENDUDUKI PEPERIKSAAN
Peperiksaan akan diadakan dari masa ke semasa. Tarikh , Masa dan Tempat akan ditentukan oleh SKMM ( MCMC ). Notis penghebahan akan dibuat melalui media cetak dan eletronik. Terma dan syarat , peraturan permohonan , cara pembayaran dan lain-lain yang berkaitan dengan peperiksaan akan juga dimaklumkan.


YURAN PEPERIKSAAN
Yuran peperiksaan adalah seperti berikut :
1.  Peperiksaan Radio Amatur ( RAE )  - RM 50.00
2. Ujian Kod Morse ( CW TEST )   - RM 50.00
Yuran peperiksaan tidak akan dikembalikan kepada calun sekiranya menarik diri atau tidak hadir pada tarik peperiksaan. Yuran tidak boleh dipindah dari satu tarikh peperiksaan ke tarikh peperiksaan yang lain atau dari calun kepada calun yang lain.

HAD KELAYAKAN UMUR
Had kelayakan umur minima untuk menduduki Peperiksaan Radio Amatur ( RAE ) adalah 14 tahun.
Had kelayakan umur minima untuk menduduki Ujian Morse Kod ( CW Test ) adalah 18 tahun.
Stesyen Radio Amatur Kelas A diberi keutamaan untuk pemancaran kuasa tinggi tetapi perlu mengambil kira dan bertanggungjawab ketika beroperasi/mengendali stesyen.

Radio Televisyen Malaysia

The history of radio in Malaya began in the year 1921 when an electrical engineer from the Johore Government, A.L. Birch, brought the first radio set into the country. He then established the Johore Wireless Association and commenced broadcasting through 300 meter waves. This was then followed by the establishment of the same association in Penang and the Malayan Wireless Association in Kuala Lumpur.

In the year 1930, Sir Earl from the Singapore Port Authority commenced its short wave broadcast every fortnight either on Sundays or Wednesdays. The same effort was emulated by the Malayan Wireless Association, broadcasting from Bukit Petaling, Kuala Lumpur, via 325 meter waves. This was followed by the efforts of Sir Shenton Thomas who opened the Studio of Broadcasting Corporation of Malaya and its transmitter at Caldecott Hill, Singapore, on 11th March 1937. The British Broadcasting Corporation of Malaya was then taken over by the Straits Settlement and became a part of the British Information Ministry better known as the Malayan Broadcasting Corporation.

Following the Japanese invasion and the end of British rule in Singapore in 1942, the Japanese took over and used the existing radio channels in Penang, Malacca, Kuala Lumpur, Seremban and Singapore to transmit Japanese propaganda. However, in the year 1943, the British came back into power and reclaimed the stations.

On 1st April 1946, the Department of Broadcasting was established in Singapore. When emergency, caused by the outbreak of social riots was declared in 1948, it became necessary to further enhance and develop radio services.

In the early 50's, broadcasting activities in Malaya were operated from its temporary studio in Jalan Young (now know as Jalan Cenderasari) in Kuala Lumpur and later in 1956, were moved to the Federal House, Kuala Lumpur. It was here that broadcasting in Malaysia grew with the establishment of several stations throughout the country including Sabah and Sarawak. Commercial advertisements were first aired on radio in 1960. This became a new source of revenue for the Government. An interesting point to note is that 'deejays' began to use the introduction "INILAH RADIO MALAYSIA" (This is Radio Malaysia) to greet listeners at the very first time Malaysia was formed in 16th September 1963.

Broadcasting further carved another milestone when Television services were introduced on 28 December 1963 from its studio, Dewan Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Ampang. Broadcast operations then moved office to Angkasapuri Complex which began its telecast on 6th October 1969, Radio and Television were merged under the Ministry of Information. The growth of the first channel, Rangkaian Satu encouraged the second channel to be established on 17th November 1969.

It was in Angkasapuri Complex that rapid development in broadcasting for both radio and television began. Broadcast time was extended to cater to the needs of listeners from all walks of life. National Radio Channel (Rangkaian National) began its round the clock services to cater for night shift workers such as factory operators, wardens, hospital staffs, lorry or bus drivers, pick-up service operators, food courts or caterers and security guards. Today, Malaysians enjoy listening to 6 radio channels 24 hours a day in Malay, English, Mandarin and Tamil while East Malaysians (Sabah and Sarawak) are tuning to radio channels in their respective native languages such as Kadazan, Murut, Dusun, Bajau, English and Mandarin via Blue Channel RTM Kota Kinabalu. Bidayuh, a dialect widely used by Sarawakians, is the main language for Blue Channel RTM Kuching. Iban and Kayan/Kenyah are dialects used in the Green Channel of the station while English and Mandarin are local dialects used for the Red Channel. Except for RTM Limbang, dialects used for the Red Channel. Except for RTM Limbang, dialects used to communicate with the listeners are as mentioned but Bisaya and Murut (Lun Bawang) are also spectacular dialects used in that channel.

Electronic media is the most important source of receiving and disseminating information because it is fast, cheap and direct to or from the clients. Knowing the fact that being laden with too much information creates adverse effects to Radio listeners or TV audience, an alternative of placing information side by side with entertainment is practised. On 20th June 1975, Radio Muzik (Muzik Radio) was launched. As the name implies, the channel allows for total entertainment in the form of songs for listeners of all ages.

Development in television is also very rapid especially in the era of Information Technology (IT). Efforts to air 80 percent local programmes and 20 percent foreign or imported programmes are taken very seriously.

April 1st 1996 marked RTM's 50 years anniversary.RTM has experienced tremendous changes and development in the field of broadcasting. 1998 was another historical year for RTM. World class sporting events were brought to Kuala Lumpur. World standard athletes came from all Commonwealth countries in the world to witness and judge Malaysia's capabilities in broadcasting. The International Broadcasting Centre (IBC) became the centre of broadcasting excellence during the Commonwealth games and RTM is the Host Broadcaster.

TV Malaysia started its early telecast on 1st March 1994 and started transmission as early as 6.00 am. TV1, The Prime Channel introduced "Selamat Pagi Malaysia" (Good Morning Malaysia). TV2, The Golden Channel, later followed by launching "Moving On Two" in December 1996. The commencement of the early morning telecasts also enable news and up-dates to be aired more frequently. RTM's News Centre which is fully computerised with up-to-date editing and post-production facilities was able to provide this service.

What could be more praiseworthy is not only that the number of listeners, viewers and revenues collected from commercial advertisements derived from airing them increasing year by year, but RTM has marked yet another milestone with the introduction of RTM's website at the end of 1995. This service which was launched by the Honourable Prime Minister, Dato' Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamed on 27th December 1995, enables listeners to tune to the TV and Radio stations via the Internet. The Internet does not lessen the role of radio and television. On the contrary, the Net can be used to enhance the functions of radio and televisyen in disseminating information globally.

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